腰带长体茧蜂对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的寄生功能反应

为评估腰带长体茧蜂Macrocentrus cingulum对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的控害潜能，在实验室条件下（湿度60%~80%，光周期16L：8D）研究了20、24、28、32℃下腰带长体茧蜂对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的寄生功能反应和20、24、28℃下腰带长体茧蜂的自身密度干扰效应。结果表明：在20~32℃内，腰带长体茧蜂对亚洲玉米螟的寄生功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型；相同温度下，随着寄主亚洲玉米螟密度的增加，腰带长体茧蜂寄生量增加，但当寄主密度增加到一定数量后，寄生量趋于稳定。24℃的寄生效能最大，20℃最小。随着寄主亚洲玉米螟密度和腰带长体茧蜂密度的增加，搜寻效应逐渐降低。采用Hessell干扰模型，发现28℃时的搜寻常数Q和干扰效应m均为最大，腰带长体茧蜂个体间的干扰效应降低了其寄生效能。     

Influence of Degree of Hydrolysis on Chemical Composition,Functional Properties,and Antioxidant Activities of Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) Hydrolysates Obtained by Using Alcalase 2.4L

Protein hydrolysates from Chinese sturgeon were prepared using Alcalase 2.4L enzyme. Under the optimum conditions (enzyme–substrate ratio of 3.5%, pH of 8.5, and temperature of 55°C), the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was 13.8%, 16.7%, and 19.1% after 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. The contents of crude protein and amino acid increased at DH of 19.1% to 86.97% and 78.29%, respectively. There was an obvious increase in the low-molecular-weight peptides, which could enhance the hydrolysate’s functional properties such as solubility, representing more than 90% at different pH levels. The obtained protein hydrolysates revealed good emulsification properties and high oil absorption. Furthermore, good antioxidant activities such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition, ferric reducing power, and ferrous ion (Fe²⁺⁾ chelating ability were attained depending on the solution concentration. The findings indicate that the functional and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates could be useful in many applications of the food industry.     

Realizing the potential of trait‐based approaches to advance fisheries science

Analysing how fish populations and their ecological communities respond to perturbations such as fishing and environmental variation is crucial to fisheries science. Researchers often predict fish population dynamics using species‐level life‐history parameters that are treated as fixed over time, while ignoring the impact of intraspecific variation on ecosystem dynamics. However, there is increasing recognition of the need to include processes operating at ecosystem levels (changes in drivers of productivity) while also accounting for variation over space, time and among individuals. To address similar challenges, community ecologists studying plants, insects and other taxa increasingly measure phenotypic characteristics of individual animals that affect fitness or ecological function (termed “functional traits”). Here, we review the history of trait‐based methods in fish and other taxa, and argue that fisheries science could see benefits by integrating trait‐based approaches within existing fisheries analyses. We argue that measuring and modelling functional traits can improve estimates of population and community dynamics, and rapidly detect responses to fishing and environmental drivers. We support this claim using three concrete examples: how trait‐based approaches could account for time‐varying parameters in population models; improve fisheries management and harvest control rules; and inform size‐based models of marine communities. We then present a step‐by‐step primer for how trait‐based methods could be adapted to complement existing models and analyses in fisheries science. Finally, we call for the creation and expansion of publicly available trait databases to facilitate adapting trait‐based methods in fisheries science, to complement existing public databases of life‐history parameters for marine organisms.     

干制方法对枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分及抗氧化活性的影响

研究不同干制方法对枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分和抗氧化活性的影响，给生产实践提供技术依据和理论参考，以成熟枇杷叶作为试验材料，采用热风烘干（35℃、50℃、65℃、80℃）、自然晒干和阴干方式进行干制处理，用70%乙醇超声浸提，测定其黄酮、总酚、多糖含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明，不同干制条件下枇杷叶总酚、黄酮、多糖含量及抗氧化活性存在差异，其中阴干条件下所测成分含量及抗氧化活性最高，热风烘干条件下随着温度的升高，试验所测成分含量及抗氧化活性呈下降趋势。阴干可以较大程度地保留枇杷叶总酚、黄酮等成分及其抗氧化活性。在以干燥枇杷叶为原料，以总酚、黄酮等成分和抗氧化性为主的生产利用方面，应以阴干方法进行干制处理。     

The microbial habitat in soil: Scale,heterogeneity and functional consequences

The microbial habitat is rarely studied in soil microbial ecology even though microbial cells are exposed and adapt to their local environmental conditions. The physical environment also constrains interactions among organisms. The nature of microbial communities and their functioning can only be fully understood if their habitat is accounted for. Here, I describe the soil microbial habitat and show how our understanding of microbial functioning has been shaped by this line of investigation.     

The management type used in plum orchards alters the functional community structure of arthropod predators

Abstract

The management practices in agroecosystems can alter the community structure of pests’ natural enemies, which can consequently disturb their biocontrol function. Here, we investigated how organic or conventional farming influence the community structure of arthropod predators (spiders, coccinelids, anthocorids, ants) in orchards. The three conventional orchards studied were plum tree monocultures where mainly fungicides were applied. The three organic orchards studied were dominated by plum trees with admixture of apple trees and no agrochemical was applied. We found that management significantly affected only spiders that were less abundant in the conventional orchards than in the organic orchards. In addition, the conventional management resulted in reduced species density and altered the community composition of spiders. The conventional management reduced the functional dispersion of spider body size, which may narrow the size-spectrum of pests that could be reduced by spiders. The conventional management also reduced abundances of foliage hunters and space-web spiders. Since these spiders are effective against various insect pests, the conventional management of applying fungicides might result in increased crop damage via increased insect pests.     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Bioinformatics Analysis of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) of Sheep

The assay was aimed to explore the biological characteristics of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) of sheep,NCBI,DNAMAN DNAStar,TMHMM Server v.2.0,PsortⅡ,SignalP various bioinformatical softwares were used to speculate the physical and chemical properties,hydrophobic property,phosphorylation site,conservative structure domain,protein secondary structure of BMP4 protein.Also,the three-dimensional structure was forecasted with the SWISS-MODEL Workspace software.The results indicated that the BMP4 of sheep had high homologies with the BMP4 of various species.The encoded protein was a hydrophilic protein which was unstable.There was no transmembrane regions and it was likely to be located in the nucleus.What was more,there was signal peptide and eighteen phosphorylation sites.Through the forecast of functional domains,the protein had two functional domains,including the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and TGF-beta propeptide superfamily.The result was consistent with the function of BMP4 gene family,it also demonstrated that BMP4 was a growth factor and it had the function of signal transduction.The amino acid homology between the predicted 3D structure of protein and template 3bmp.1.A was 88.29%.The bioinformatics analysis of BMP4 gene could provide reference for the further study in practice.